{"id":4536,"date":"2019-05-16T11:56:14","date_gmt":"2019-05-16T09:56:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.srovnator.cz\/clanky\/ostatni\/co-je-to-hedvabna-stezka\/"},"modified":"2024-06-24T08:01:39","modified_gmt":"2024-06-24T06:01:39","slug":"co-je-to-hedvabna-stezka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.srovnator.cz\/clanky\/co-je-to-hedvabna-stezka\/","title":{"rendered":"Trasa st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pojem Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 stezka je\u00a0mnohem mlad\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e samotn\u00e1 starov\u011bk\u00e1 cesta, vedouc\u00ed z\u00a0v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie p\u0159es st\u0159edn\u00ed Asii a\u017e ke\u00a0St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Prosadil ho n\u011bmeck\u00fd geograf a\u00a0cestovatel<\/a> Ferdinand von Richthofen a\u017e v\u00a0roce 1877 (Seidenstrasse). Zaveden\u00fd term\u00edn Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky by\u00a0m\u011bl b\u00fdt ale do\u00a0\u010desk\u00e9ho jazyka pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bji p\u0159elo\u017een sp\u00ed\u0161e jako Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 cesta, stejn\u011b tak, jako je\u00a0p\u0159elo\u017een do\u00a0anglick\u00e9ho (Silk Road) i\u00a0\u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho jazyka (S’-\u010dchou-\u010d’-lu).<\/strong><\/p>\n\"Trasa\n

Historie<\/h2>\n

Vznik t\u00e9to starov\u011bk\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b obchodn\u00edch cest se\u00a0datuje do\u00a0roku 130 p\u0159.n.l., do\u00a0obdob\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 dynastie Chan, kter\u00e9\u00a0bylo a\u00a0je\u00a0pova\u017eov\u00e1no za\u00a0zlatou \u00e9ru \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 historie. Prvn\u00ed Evropan, kter\u00fd\u00a0popsal v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii a\u00a0procestoval tehdy je\u0161t\u011b nepojmenovanou Hedv\u00e1bnou stezku, byl\u00a0ben\u00e1tsk\u00fd kupec a\u00a0cestovatel Marco Polo (1254 -1324). Ten se\u00a0ve\u00a0sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci zmi\u0148uje o\u00a0v\u0161em zbo\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9\u00a0bylo po\u00a0t\u00e9to cest\u011b transportov\u00e1no za\u00a0obchodn\u00edmi \u00fa\u010dely:
\nZ v\u00fdchodu na\u00a0z\u00e1pad:<\/strong> kon\u011b, sedla, vinn\u00e1 r\u00e9va a\u00a0hrozny,\u00a0psi a\u00a0dal\u0161\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00ed nebo divok\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, ko\u017ee\u0161iny a\u00a0k\u016f\u017ee, med, ovoce, koberce, z\u00e1clony, zlato a\u00a0st\u0159\u00edbro, velbloudi, otroci, zbran\u011b a\u00a0brn\u011bn\u00ed
\nZe\u00a0z\u00e1padu na\u00a0v\u00fdchod:<\/strong> hedv\u00e1b\u00ed, barvy, \u010daj, vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 kameny, \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 servisy (tal\u00ed\u0159e, misky, \u0161\u00e1lky apod.), porcel\u00e1n, ko\u0159en\u00ed (sko\u0159ice, z\u00e1zvor atd.), bronzov\u00e9 a\u00a0zlat\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty, l\u00e9ky, parf\u00e9my, slonovina, r\u00fd\u017ee, pap\u00edr a\u00a0st\u0159eln\u00fd prach
\nVelk\u00e1 vzd\u00e1lenost mezi \u010c\u00ednou a\u00a0Evropou obchodn\u00ed a\u00a0diplomatick\u00e9 styky komplikovala, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165, kdy\u017e\u00a0mezi nimi byla p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eka v\u00a0podob\u011b v\u00fdbojn\u00e9ho etnika \u00edr\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda – Parth\u016f, se\u00a0kter\u00fdmi sjednal m\u00edr a\u017e c\u00edsa\u0159 Augustus – 1. c\u00edsa\u0159 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed od\u00a0roku 27 p\u0159. n.\u00a0l. a\u017e do\u00a0sv\u00e9 smrti v\u00a0roce 14 n.l. I\u00a0p\u0159esto, \u017ee\u00a0po\u00a0Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezce proudilo rozmanit\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed v\u0161eho druhu, za\u00a0jej\u00ed jm\u00e9no m\u016f\u017ee popularita \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho hedv\u00e1b\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u\u00a0\u0158\u00edman\u016f. Ti byli ochotni za\u00a0hedv\u00e1b\u00ed platit zlatem a\u00a0jejich marnivost a\u00a0touha po\u00a0jedin\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 komodit\u011b zap\u0159\u00ed\u010dinila malou ekonomickou krizi, kterou se\u00a0sna\u017eili zachr\u00e1nit \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed c\u00edsa\u0159i omezov\u00e1n\u00edm obchodu. To\u00a0se\u00a0jim ale p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 neda\u0159ilo, proto\u017ee ho sami vyu\u017e\u00edvali jako \u00faplatek n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edk\u016fm barbarsk\u00fdch kmen\u016f, se\u00a0kter\u00fdmi se\u00a0sna\u017eili udr\u017eet v\u0159el\u00e9 vztahy.<\/p>\n

Trasa Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky:<\/strong> \u010c\u00edna, Indie, Mal\u00e1 Asie, Mezopot\u00e1mie, Egypt, \u0158ecko, \u0158\u00edm a\u00a0Brit\u00e1nie.
\nNejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edm obchodn\u00edm partnerem \u010c\u00edny byla severn\u00ed Mezopot\u00e1mie (dne\u0161n\u00ed Ir\u00e1n). Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 stezka neexistovala pouze jedna jedin\u00e1, a\u010dkoliv se\u00a0to\u00a0tak\u00a0podle jednotn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla m\u016f\u017ee myln\u011b zd\u00e1t. Jednalo se\u00a0o\u00a0mnoho cest skrz Asii.<\/p>\n

\"Trasy<\/p>\n

Dv\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed komodity, kter\u00e9\u00a0byly po\u00a0t\u00e9to stezce dopravov\u00e1ny do\u00a0Evropy, m\u011bly i\u00a0kulturn\u00ed dopad na\u00a0lidstvo:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Pap\u00edr:<\/strong> Byl\u00a0vynalezen ve\u00a03. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n.\u00a0l. v\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b. P\u016fvodn\u011b byl\u00a0vyr\u00e1b\u011bn z\u00a0konop\u00ed, a\u017e v\u00a01. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n.\u00a0l. se\u00a0za\u010dal vyr\u00e1b\u011bt z\u00a0hedv\u00e1b\u00ed a\u00a0lnu. Pap\u00edr sou\u010dasnosti byl\u00a0vynalezen v\u00a0roce 105 n.l. tak\u00e9 v\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b.
    \nSt\u0159eln\u00fd prach:<\/strong> \u010cern\u00fd st\u0159eln\u00fd prach je\u00a0nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0nejstar\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdbu\u0161ninou na\u00a0sv\u011bt\u011b. Byl\u00a0objeven v\u00a0\u010c\u00edn\u011b mezi 7. – 9. st.n.l. a\u00a0p\u016fvodn\u011b byl\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n v\u00a0l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Odkaz Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky<\/h2>\n

    Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ednos Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky byl\u00a0ve\u00a0vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m sd\u00edlen\u00ed kultury, um\u011bn\u00ed, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, filozofie, technologi\u00ed, jazyk\u016f, v\u011bdy, architektury apod. Mezi negativn\u00ed aspekty pat\u0159ilo rychl\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed epidemi\u00ed, nap\u0159. \u010dern\u00e9ho moru, kter\u00fd\u00a0v\u00a0roce 542 n.l. m\u00e1lem vyhubil Byzantskou \u0159\u00ed\u0161i.<\/p>\n

    Uzav\u0159en\u00ed Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky<\/h2>\n

    Ke\u00a0konci 14. stolet\u00ed dobyli Osman\u00e9 m\u011bsto Edirne a\u00a0odd\u011blily hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto Byzantsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e – Konstantinopol od\u00a0zbytku Evropy. V\u00a0roce 1453 byla dobyta i\u00a0samotn\u00e1 Konstantinopol a\u00a0t\u00edm i\u00a0definitivn\u011b od\u0159\u00edznuta Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 stezka. Po\u00a0uzav\u0159en\u00ed stezky nastalo obdob\u00ed objev\u016f a\u00a0transport zbo\u017e\u00ed se\u00a0postupn\u011b p\u0159esouval na\u00a0mo\u0159e.<\/p>\n

    Zdroj obr\u00e1zk\u016f:
    \n<\/small><\/p>\n

      \n
    • Trasy Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e9 stezky: Wikimedia commons, autor: Runehelmet<\/small><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Neb\u00fdt mot\u00fdla Bource moru\u0161ov\u00e9ho, respektive jeho kokon\u016f, jmenovala by se jedna z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obchodn\u00edch cest historie jinak.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":4537,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[903,940,795,941],"class_list":["post-4536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ostatni","tag-cesta","tag-historie","tag-transport","tag-trasa"],"acf":{"znacka":"","model":"","objem":"","vyrobeno":"","vykon":"","velikost_1":"","velikost_2":"","velikost_3":"","velikost_4":"","roky":"","roky_velikost_1":"","roky_velikost_2":"","roky_velikost_3":"","roky_velikost_4":"","pocet_kalkulaci":0,"page_post_meta_bread":"Co je to Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 stezka","page_post_meta_bread_child":"","page_post_meta_script_head":"","page_post_meta_leaving_screen":"cat"},"yoast_head":"\nCo je to Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 stezka - Srovn\u00e1tor.cz<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Neb\u00fdt mot\u00fdla Bource moru\u0161ov\u00e9ho, respektive jeho kokon\u016f, jmenovala by se jedna z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obchodn\u00edch cest historie jinak.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.srovnator.cz\/clanky\/co-je-to-hedvabna-stezka\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Co je to Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 stezka - Srovn\u00e1tor.cz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Neb\u00fdt mot\u00fdla Bource moru\u0161ov\u00e9ho, respektive jeho kokon\u016f, jmenovala by se jedna z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch obchodn\u00edch cest historie jinak.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.srovnator.cz\/clanky\/co-je-to-hedvabna-stezka\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Srovn\u00e1tor.cz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/srovnator\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-05-16T09:56:14+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-24T06:01:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/wp-resources\/srovnator.cz\/ng\/2022\/06\/b06846a2-co-je-to-hedvabna-stezka.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Martin Straka\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Srovnator_czech\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@Srovnator_czech\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Martin Straka\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.srovnator.cz\/clanky\/co-je-to-hedvabna-stezka\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.srovnator.cz\/clanky\/co-je-to-hedvabna-stezka\/\",\"name\":\"Co je to Hedv\u00e1bn\u00e1 stezka - 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